Apache women move freely between their settlements and those of the Spanish, attempting to negotiate the release of Apache captives.María Robaina Betancour is a leader of the settlement. Women are among the 56 Canary Islanders who establish first permanent civilian settlement in San Antonio.The first settlers of San Antonio de Béxar (present-day San Antonio) include six Spanish-Mexican women married to soldiers.The wealthy Spanish-Mexican heiress Ignacia Xaviera de Echevers provides cattle to help her husband launch Texas's cattle industry.Spanish-Mexican women enter present-day Texas as part of an expedition to establish permanent settlements in East Texas.Angelina, a member of the Caddo Nation, serves as a guide, translator, and interpreter for Spanish, French, and other Indian peoples.Caddo women can divorce their husbands by simply placing his belongings outside their lodge.Some religious dances are initiated only by women. Indian women are important to religious ceremonies for both hunter-gatherer and agricultural societies.Indian women wield political power through their strong role in determining whether their people go to war or remain at peace.Caddo people dictate terms of interaction with European explorers in establishing diplomatic exchanges, using their customs of hospitality women join in welcoming the Europeans.The Caddo tribal group of northeastern Texas has a woman chief.During annual planting seasons, females of all ages in Hasinai societies (in present-day east Texas) weave cane mats and give them to the caddí (governor) or xinesí (priest-chief) for presentation at the temple fire as a sign of the women's sacred roles in maintaining the community's economic well being.Reports by Spanish explorer Cabeza de Vaca reveal that Indian women serve as mediators and emissaries, helping to establish diplomatic relations with other Indian peoples.In the religion of the Apache nation, in present-day south and west Texas, White-Painted Woman and Child of Water are considered the creators of the world. ![]()
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